Checking Status

git status is the end-all know-all. it will never hurt you. Embrace it; it is inevitable.
- git status --porcelain for programmatic parsing

Staging

git add <file> - add files to the staging area
- git add -p <file> - interactively pick hunks to stage / not stage
- git add -A - add all files, tracked and untracked
git restore --staged - remove files from the staging area (unstage changes)
- git restore --staged -p - interactively pick hunks to unstage / keep staged

git commit -m "message" - commit staged changes with the given message
git commit -e - commit, but open an interactive editor to write the (optionally multi-line) commit message
- git config --global core.editor "vim" to select the editor executable
git commit -a - automatically commit all changed files, even if not previously staged
- This does not add untracked files; only commits changes to already-tracked files
git commit -s “sign-off” the commit message automatically
- Adds a message line containing Signed-off-by: <yourname> <youremail>
- Required by some projects and treated as analogous to a handwritten signature on the change
git commit -S - sign the commit cryptographically with GPG (you must have a GPG key configured for this)