ArduPilot logs a lot of data in the on-vehicle logs, known as DataFlash logs. Many programs are available to analyze this data, some more capable than others.
Reference
- Configuring logging on the autopilot: https://ardupilot.org/copter/docs/common-downloading-and-analyzing-data-logs-in-mission-planner.html
- Log messages:
Online viewers
Offline viewers
- Mission Planner
- MAVExplorer (part of MAVProxy)